Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages

Same Sex Marriages The proposed legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure public health, and the status of women are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire to "contract" in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes of the Lord and their friends and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits, should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? I intend to prove that because of Article IV of the United States Constitution, there is no reason why the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined heterosexual relationship. Marriage has changed throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted, both in statute and in society; and m... Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages Same Sex Marriages The proposed legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure public health, and the status of women are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire to "contract" in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes of the Lord and their friends and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits, should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? I intend to prove that because of Article IV of the United States Constitution, there is no reason why the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined heterosexual relationship. Marriage has changed throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted, both in statute and in society; and m... Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages Legality of Same-Sex Marriages The proposed legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure public health, and the status of women are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire to "contract" in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes of the Lord and their friends and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits, should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? I intend to prove that because of Article IV of the United States Constitution, there is no reason why the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined heterosexual relationship. Marriage has changed throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely acc... Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages Each individual’s journey through life is unique. Some will make the journey alone, others in loving relationships-maybe in marriage or other forms of commitment. We need to consider our own choices and try to understand the choices of others. Love has many shapes, forms, and colors, yet many people have a hard time coming to that realization. The article, â€Å"State of the Union†, written by John Riley and appearing in Newsday on November 19, 2003, addresses the issues and decisions made about same-sex marriages. On November 18, 2003, Massachusetts’ highest court declared that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marriage, becoming the first nation to declare this. Many people, both in favor of and against this decision, were interviewed and spoke out as to why they feel how they feel. The real question this article poses is, should same-sex couples have the same rights to marriage as opposite-sex couples? There are many different viewpoints and theories related to this ethical dilemma, which include egoists, social contract theory (Thomas Hobbes), consequentialist and utilitarian beliefs, Immanuel Kant and deontological ethics, and virtue ethics. Each viewpoint and system of belief differs from another, yet they all make very strong, convincing points. Egoists only do what would be in their own best interest to do. They believe that by acting selfishly, one creates a better world. Based on these and many other beliefs of theirs, they would be absolutely one hundred percent against same-sex marriages. Same-sex marriages only really benefit those individuals getting married so there is no rational reasoning as to why egoists would support this decision and they don’t. It is no direct benefit to society or anybody else involved and therefore egoists would not be in favor of this. They are not gaining anything by this Massachusetts’ highest court decision. Also, this court aided gays and lesbians in man... Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages Should Homosexual couples be given the same marriage rights as Heterosexual couples ? Tami Frost Kaplan College The institution of marriage has had an elongated and blemished past. Not always called marriage this sacred state had slipped through history under many impersonations and categories. Monogamy - summarizes an union of male and female or todays same sex couples, so long as the partners are only sleeping with one another. Polygamy - is the practice of one man or woman with numerous spouses of the opposite sex. Often, the need for this type of arrangement came from times of war, affliction or other disaster. Polyamory - is a multiple-partnered marriage whereby the partners get together out of love. Common-Law - is the relationship of a couple without legal ceremony or license. The Puritans moved marriage to a point where love counted and delighting in the state of marriage became commonplace, yet extremely committed. The Victorian period dragged marriage into the closet. Sex was something embarrassing and improper with a quiet understanding that married couples engaged in marital relations, without pleasure and as duty and God dictated for the purpose of procreation. Until as recently as 20 years ago, in some areas of North America women still needed a husband’s signature to obtain a credit card or mortgage. Things have certainly changed.Virtually all scholars agree that we have witnessed a major transition in the meaning of marriage in the years from 1600 to 1995. In 1600, marriage for almost all Europeans and Europeans in America was primarily an economic arrangement negotiated among families in which family considerations of status, future economic stability, and prosperity were the most important considerations in selecting a potential spouse. By 1995, most Americans consider the primary purpose of marriage to be a commitment to emotional and psychological suppor... Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages Abstract Same-sex marriages: A Multivariate Study The recent upsurge in same-sex marriages has been linked to society’s assessment in relation to society’s normative level. Evaluating the variables of the laws that prohibit same-sex marriages from occurring provides information to help society change its perception of same-sex marriages. The study of same-sex marriage helps explore how gay couples are perceived in society. The results support the conclusion that the special laws that concern same-sex couples are not legal. The current acceptance of an idea of gay couples is perceived positively as a regular couple would be perceived. The frustration associated with sex-same marriage that yields little hope of achieving the â€Å"ideal† may provide a key in understanding how same-sex are formed in society was associated with negative image in this study. Negativity was associated with dissenting opinions of gay couples. Negative societal reaction, allied with disapproving attitudes toward gay couples. This status is associated with an array of negative charasterics, not least of which is self-contempt. Table of Contents Dedication 1 Abstract 2 Chapter 1: An Introduction to Cohabiting Gay Couples 3 Chapter 2: The Application of Society’s Perception of Gays 6 Chapter 3: The Society’s Perception of Cohabitating Couples 14 References 15 Chapter 1: An Introduction to Cohabitating Gays Couples In the year of 1995, there were over 1.5 million gay or lesbians living together. The r... Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages Same sex marriages The debate over gay marriage is heating up, with San Francisco’s mayor Gavin Newsom decision permitting same sex marriages in a Francisco and the Massachusetts court decision in favor of gay marriage. There can definitely be seen a trend toward the legalization of same sex marriage but there are still hurdles that have to be passed which are guarded by the conservative right. Opponents of gay marriage are giving ridiculous arguments against same sex marriages while avoiding the real reasons behind their refusal which is prejudice, fear, religion, and homophobia. Looking at the struggles the gay community is having trying to be accepted into society as equals is compelling, ever since the early seventies gays have been trying to receive, among other rights, the right to marriage and its benefits and while all other civil right are protected by the 14th amendment somehow the right to marriage has been separated from all the other rights. The arguments against same sex marriage are weak at best, and they do not justify a discrimination against homosexuals. People, weather gay or not, should have the same rights in all aspects of life. The main argument for same sex marriage is that it is a civil right issue and just as miscegenation laws were voted out so does any law that produce separate system of benefits for people according to their sexual preferences. This should be abolished as it discriminates against the minority and is unconstitutional. Arguing that this right is not being infringed upon, because gays can choose not to be gay and to marry a person of the opposite sex at any time is ridiculous. There are various faults in this argument, for start it is based on the idea that homosexuality is fixable and that gays choose to be gay. The fact is that most studies have proven otherwise, none of the so called methods of curing homosexuality has been proven to work. Most experts agree that weather ... Free Essays on Same Sex Marriages Same Sex Marriage â€Å"I do,† these words change people’s lives forever. Whether this phrase is coming from a heterosexual couple or a same-sex couple, it should not be an issue. However, in today’s society this matter has become a reality. It is a constant battle for homosexuals to live with the limitations society imposes on them, such as the ability to marry. The homosexual community faces this problem of discrimination everyday, in which it is illegal for them to live a life of legal monogamy much like heterosexual couples. Same-sex marriages deserve to be legalized in this country. People need to face reality and what the future holds. Society also needs to start worrying about more important issues such as child abuse, terrorism, and sexual abuse, rather than two men â€Å"tying the knot† or two women devoting the rest of their lives to each other. Love is a human right and it should not be taken away from anyone, whether they are gay or straight. Homosexual c ouples should be entitled to the same marriage rights as heterosexual couples. If there is such a thing called separation between church and state, why does it not apply to this concern? The Christian religion and numerous other religions believe homosexuality is a mortal sin. However, if the leaders of these religions would research their material better, they would find Jesus was never given credit for any statement regarding homosexuality. The only piece mentions of homosexuality, the Christian Bible found in the Book of Leviticus. Leviticus says that, â€Å"No man should lay with a man as he lies with woman†, which many scholars now believe was referring to gay prostitutes and not gay persons in general. (King James, Chapter 17). The correlation between the laws of our government and the beliefs of some religions intertwine, which is unconstitutional. If we live in America, the land of the free, the land of opportunity, and the land where the governm...

Homemade Stink Bomb Recipe and Science

Homemade Stink Bomb Recipe and Science Make your own homemade stink bombs using this easy stink bomb recipe. The stink bombs are as stinky as those youd get at the store and can be made with common household ingredients. Homemade Stink Bomb Ingredients You only need three materials for this project. The stink comes from the reaction between the chemicals in the matches and the ammonia. While any container that can be sealed will work, a plastic bottle is recommended because it wont break. However, another easy option is to use a plastic zip-top baggie. Book of matches (20 matches)Household ammoniaEmpty 20-ounce plastic bottle with cap Make the Stink Bomb Use scissors or a knife to carefully cut the heads off of a book of matches. Dont cut yourself.Place the match heads inside the empty 20-oz bottle. Add about 2 tablespoons of household ammonia.Seal the bottle and swirl the contents around.Wait 3-4 days before uncapping the bottle. After this time your stink bomb will be ready to be opened.Uncap the bottle when youre ready to release the stink. Stink Bomb Facts and Safety This stink bomb forms ammonium sulfide,(NH4)2S, which is the same chemical used in commercial prank or trick stink bombs. The ammonium sulfide is produced as a result of a reaction between hydrogen sulfide and ammonia: H2S 2 NH3 → (NH4)2S The vapor is flammable and associated with hydrogen sulfide gas (rotten egg smell that is toxic in high concentrations), so only make/use the stink bomb in a well-ventilated area, away from heat and flames. Adult supervision is recommended. More Stink Bomb Recipes Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Write 1000 word professional speech on (Saddam Hussain last minute Essay

Write 1000 word professional speech on (Saddam Hussain last minute speech to his people before executed, regretting what bad he did to them ,Kuwait, Iran and - Essay Example These assumptions seem more real. The language is kept simple. It is assumed that he speaks in Arabic, as he speaks to his countrymen. For our understanding, we may assume that it has been translated into English subsequently. The scenario is imaginary, and Saddam is shown as repenting for many of the atrocities that he has committed. An attempt is made to keep things realistic. So although he asks forgiveness from his countrymen, he is critical of the US and Western leaders, though not of Western people. Faced by death, even hardened people are known to relent. So Hussein's volte face under the circumstances need not be considered unusual. Although the speech itself is 'imaginary', and highly unlikely, it retains an aura of probability by referring to actual events in his life. I speak to you here, in the final hours of my life. I have been allowed to leave behind this message for you, which I believe that my brothers, Faisal and Hassan here, will safely deliver to you. I am not afraid. I am glad be able to leave now, as I know I leave because it is the will of Allah. I forgive all those who have harmed me; I know I have harmed many too. I hope you will forgive me for that. I have made several mistakes in my life, and if I had a chance to live it over again, I would not do the same. I now understand that violence does not lead anywhere. ... united against the American initial insidious attempts, and later on, more blatant ones to exploit us, to siphon away our wealth in the form of oil, we would not be where we are today. I regret that the Ba'athist Party murdered King Feisal in the way it did. Or that I helped out the CIA in the plot to murder Abdul Karim, the Prime Minister. We could have settled our internal struggles in a cordial manner. This was like inviting a tiger to enter our home to settle disputes between brother and brother. I was too involved in public activities, and did not give enough attention to my family. I accept full responsibility for the way my sons, Uday and Qusay ran wild, and terrorized all of you. I am also sorry that my sons-in-law, Hussain and Saddam Kamel met their death at my hands. I destroyed them, and my daughters' lives. I should have settled differences with the Ayatollah in Iran firmly but tactfully. Our countries have spent years in warfare, wasting our resources, and killing our young men, and even civilians. I have wronged my fellow men by using chemical weapons against them. I beg of Allah to forgive me-these deeds of mine. Allah is merciful! So many of my Kurd brethren have been killed; so many of my Kurd sisters are widowed because of me; so many have been orphaned at my behest. Please forgive me for this. The long war with Kuwait could have been avoided. Yes, they did not help us when we asked for help. But our need for help itself arose only because Ayatollah Khomeini and I had spent fruitless years in warfare, destroying our countries economically. I believe today that people of different faiths can and must live peacefully together. For this, we need unity among Muslim brethren. To start this, first let us have peace between the Shias and us. You are

Asset Management Discussion Post 8 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Asset Management Discussion Post 8 - Coursework Example home insurance and auto insurance liability coverage, for example, against additional liability coverage of auto, homeowners as well as boat insurance policies (Fox Business, 2013). It is also crucial as it provides coverage for claims that exclude other liability policies such as false arrest, rental unit’s liability, slander and libel liabilities. The insurance protection has been designed to kick on in cases where the liability of the other policies is exhausted (Mathias, Shugrue, Marrinson & Struck 2006). Individuals should not consider their net worth or other auto and homeowners insurances that they may have to cover some of the situations. Rather, Umbrella insurance is crucial as it insurer’s them beyond and above the other policies limits and will cover against situations that are never covered in other types of policies (Daily Finance, 2013). According to Breuer (2005), most of the umbrella insurances are associated with car accidents but also offer protection against home accidents. An example is when an individual falls down the stairs and sues you for poor construction or when the balcony collapses during a house party causing injury. Individuals will opt for umbrella insurances as a result of such instances or because they have a pool or property that may cause harm to someone and fear the consequences that will result from the harm or

Social Injustices Essay Example for Free

Social Injustices Essay â€Å"It is obvious today that America has a defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked as â€Å"insufficient funds. † But we refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity in this nation. So we have come to cash this check – a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. – Martin Luther King Jr. In the novel Warriors Don’t Cry and the film Remember the Titans the translation of power from whites to African Americans is portrayed very clearly reflecting the time period of the late 1950’s to the early 1960’s. First, in the novel Warriors Don’t Cry, when the Little Rock Nine integrated Central High there was a mass number of white students that wanted to execute them. President Dwight D. Eisenhower tried putting a stop to this by bringing in the 101st Airborne to protect the nine students. However, his solution did not go to its full extent, Governor Faubus refused this and started taking the soldiers out of the school and replacing them with the Arkansas National Guard. When Governor Faubus did this it aroused many problems such as: the nine students were not safe at all and also when an attacker came on to one of the nine the soldiers just stood there and watched. Also there was a white boy named Link in the novel that helped Melba out. One of the things he did was on a school night he called her warning her not to sit in her assigned seat the next day because the segregationist planned something very sinister. So when she entered that class the next day she did not sit in her seat because there was peanut butter and glass in her assigned seat. Next, in the film Remember the Titans Coach Yoast had a chance to be in the hall of fame only if he lost the next football game on purpose. When the Titans came out and smashed the team in that game Coach Yoast was told that he was out of the running. So then the next day when Yoast and Coach Boone were talking, Coach Boone told him that he was a hall of famer in his books. Also when Julius was waiting outside of Gerry’s house a cop pulled up next to him and told him that he did very well in the game on the previous night. My favorite part in the film is a great example of shifting of power. Was when all the football players were not getting along at camp and Gerry and Julius bonded after a play by saying â€Å"Left side, Strong side. † This was a turning point in the movie because it showed the team that it was okay to trust a person of another color, they were a team. Another example was on the first day of school Gerry introduces his girlfriend Emma to Julius, and when Julius sticks out his hand to shake hers and she walks away in anger. However later in the season Emma comes down on the football field during a game and shakes Julius’ hand. All in all, even though today we do not have all these problems we still have them in our society but if these things would not have happened we would not be where we are today. In the book Warriors Don’t Cry and the movie Remember the Titans there are many different times when there is a shift of power such as when Julius and Gerry become best friends and when the president assigns troops to protect nine black students.

Endless Witch Trials: Salem, Massachusetts, McCarthy Hearings, and the KKK :: essays research papers

What is the difference between witches in today’s society and witches in the past? Why were people accused of being witches? What were the punishments people got when they were accused of being a witch and found guilty? How is the witch trials repeated in history?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When someone talks about witches what’s the first thing that comes to mind? Most people think of witches from movies such as the witch in the â€Å"Wizard of Oz† or in â€Å"Snow White and the Sevens Dwarfs†. These two witches are looked at as old, ugly and dressed in black from head to toe. People also think of witches in today’s society riding on brooms and chanting evil curses on their enemies. In the past witches could be anyone from the family doctor to the next door neighbor. The word witch comes from the old English word Wicca which means male witch. Witch also means to cast a spell on others. No matter how a witch is looked at, it’s all about mystery and magic. In Massachusetts there are two Salem’s, Salem town and Salem village. The villager wanted to be separated from the town. The accusing began in the village at the Parris’s home because of Reverend Parris wanting to accuse people. Then the Parris’s allies the Putnam’s started to get accused of witchcraft. In Salem people were accused to be witches because they were different or an outcast in the community. Tituba, who was a slave in the Parris household, was an easy person to accuse of practicing witch craft because she was black, mysterious and had a different religion and traditions. If people didn’t attend church they would also be accused of being a witch. Sarah Good was a beggar who everyone thought was mean spirited and always grumbling things to people even if they did give her money or food. She also smoked a pipe, which also gave people a reason to say she was performing witch craft. Sarah Osborne was another person accused of witchery becaus e she married her servant. Martha Corey, a well known church woman was accused because she was to inherit land from her husband who past way. Other people wanted to take that land from her, so they put a false accession on her. Other people in the village were accused because people didn’t like them or they weren’t in good social standings.

Ketchup campaign seeks to expand ketchup

The message ‘ketchup zaroori' is aimed at communicating the same. We have not Just said ‘ketchup zaroorl', we have said ‘National Ketchup zaroorl' hence our campaign Is not promoting the category but the National Ketchup brand specifically. † On promoting the 100g sachet to end consumers: â€Å"We have had the 100g sachet for a long time but have never promoted it before. Our sachet SKUs (log and 100g) are generally used and distributed by hotels, estaurants and fast food chains.However we want to encourage impulse buying for this SKU and thus promoted it to the general consumer. Showing this SKU in the lunch boxes of kids is based on the insights we gathered from a LJ&A study we conducted across Pakistan whereby we learned that mothers often put these sachets in their kids' lunch boxes. † On out of home and inside home ketchup consumption habits: â€Å"The sachet SKUs are generally consumed out of home as they are easy to carry on the go. The bottle a nd pouch are consumed inside the home and often in arty and dinner settings. A word from the agency – Umair Shams, Account Manager, IAL Saatchi ; Saatchi On changing consumer behaviour for ketchup: â€Å"There Is a simple consumer truth In this category: Pakistanis are obsessed with condiments. However, tnere Is a speclTlc conolmenvsauce tnat goes wltn eacn T example imli chutney is consumed with dahl baray, zeera raita with pulao etc. We wanted the Pakistani consumer to make an exception when it comes to National Ketchup and pour it on anything and everything.Therefore, National Ketchup being the market leader has attempted to expand the usage and frequency of ketchup by showing a variety of snacks and foods that ketchup can be consumed with. The strategy was to show that ketchup is one versatile condiment, and when it's National Ketchup, there really are no rules. † On the campaign Jingle: â€Å"The Jingle is composed and sung by Shula Hyder from Speed of Sound. Hyd er has developed great music for National Foods over the years which includes AaJ Yeh Kounsa Mehmaan Aaya and Rung Bharti Jao. â€Å"

M&A in India in Past Few Years Essay

Abstract The process of mergers and acquisitions has gained substantial importance in today’s corporate world. This process is extensively used for restructuring the business organizations. In India, the concept of mergers and acquisitions was initiated by the government bodies. Some well known financial organizations also took the necessary initiatives to restructure the corporate sector of India by adopting the mergers and acquisitions policies. The Indian economic reform since 1991 has opened up a whole lot of challenges both in the domestic and international spheres. The increased competition in the global market has prompted the Indian companies to go for mergers and acquisitions as an important strategic choice. The trends of mergers and acquisitions in India have changed over the years. The immediate effects of the mergers and acquisitions have also been diverse across the various sectors of the Indian economy. Till recent past, the incidence of Indian entrepreneurs acquiring foreign enterprises was not so common. The situation has undergone a sea change in the last couple of years. Acquisition of foreign companies by the Indian businesses has been the latest trend in the Indian corporate sector. The Indian IT and ITES sectors have already proved their potential in the global market. The other Indian sectors are also following the same trend. The increased participation of the Indian companies in the global corporate sector has further facilitated the merger and acquisition activities in India. The various factors that played their parts in facilitating the mergers and acquisitions in India are favorable government policies, buoyancy in economy, additional liquidity in the corporate sector, and dynamic attitudes of the Indian entrepreneurs are the key factors behind the changing trends of mergers and acquisitions in India. Even though mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have been an important element of corporate strategy all over the globe for several decades, research on M&As has not been able to provide conclusive evidence on whether they enhance efficiency or destroy wealth. There is thus an ongoing global debate on the effects of M&As on firms. This article seeks to explore the trends and progress in M&As India. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1618272 MERGER & ACQUISITION IN INDIA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY The phrase mergers and acquisitions (abbreviated M&A) refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying, selling and combining of different companies that can aid, finance, or help a growing company in a given industry grow rapidly without having to create another business entity. In business or economics a merger is a combination of two companies into one larger company. Such actions are commonly voluntary and involve stock swap or cash payment to the target. Stock swap is often used as it allows the shareholders of the two companies to share the risk involved in the deal. A merger can resemble a takeover but result in a new company name (often combining the names of the original companies) and in new branding; in some cases, terming the combination a â€Å"merger† rather than an acquisition is done purely for political or marketing reasons. Mergers may be broadly classified in (i) Horizontal mergers: A situation when two or more merging companies manufacture similar product in the same industry. (ii) Vertical mergers: A situation when two or more merging companies work at different stages of manufacture of a same product. (iii) Conglomerate mergers: A situation when two or more merging companies operate in different industries. The word acquisition, also known as a takeover or a buyout, is the buying of one company (the ‘target’) by another. An acquisition may be friendly or hostile. In the former case, the companies cooperate in negotiations; in the latter case, the takeover target is unwilling to be bought or the target’s board has no prior knowledge of the offer. Acquisition usually refers to a purchase of a smaller firm by a larger one. Sometimes, however, a smaller firm will acquire management control of a larger or longer established company and keep its name for the combined entity. This is known as a reverse takeover. Another type of acquisition is reverse merger, a deal that enables a private company to get publicly listed in a short time period. A reverse merger occurs when a private company that has strong prospects and is eager to raise financing buys a publicly listed shell company, usually one with no business and limited assets. Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1618272 Reasons for Merger and Acquisition †¢ Operating synergies: The uniting of two firms improve productivity or cut costs so that the unlevered cash flows of the combined firm exceed the combined unlevered cash flows of the individual firm †¢ A vertical merger between a supplier and a customer, eliminates various coordination and bargaining problems †¢ A horizontal merger between competitors, produces a less competitive product market and cost savings from combining R&D facilities and sales forces †¢ Financial synergies: Information and incentive problems may cause cashstarved firms to pass up positive NPV projects, but cash-rich firms to overinvest in negative NPV projects †¢ Conglomerates can use internal capital markets to transfer funds from negative NPV projects to positive NPV projects †¢ †¢ Enhance the flexibility of the organization Reduces bankruptcy risk Objectives In this article an attempt has been made (i) To examine the presence of trends and progress of M&As in Indian corporation. (ii) To analyze year-wise and industry-wise variance in number and amount of M&A deals. Hypotheses To cover the above objectives following hypotheses have been formulated: 1. There is no significant difference in number and amount of M&A deals in between years and between industries. 2. There is no significant difference between M&A progress in manufacturing and service sector Industry-wise Trends of M&As The industry-wise trends in number and amount of M&A deals between 2000 and 2007 are presented in the Table 1 and Table 2 and the industry-wise trends and progress of M&As have been analysed on this basis Food and Beverages: India is the world’s second largest producer of food next to China, and has the potential of being the biggest with the food and agricultural sector. The Indian food market is estimated at over US$ 182 billion, and accounts for about two thirds of the total Indian retail market. According to industry experts, the market for carbonated drinks in India is worth US$ 1.5 billion while the juice and juice-based drinks market accounts for US$ 0.25 billion. Growing at a rate of 25 per cent, the fruitdrinks category is one of the fastest growing in the beverages market. The Indian food processing industry plays a significant role in diversifaction of agriculture products, generates employment, enhances income of farmers and creates a surplus for export of agro-foods. The important reason of the M&A activity initiated in this industry are deregulation, restructuring disinvestment, restructuring by parent companies and presence of foreign players. Textiles Industry: Until the economic liberalization of Indian economy, the India Textile Industry was predominantly unorganized industry. The opening up of Indian economy post 1990s led to a stupendous growth of this industry. India Textile Industry is one of the largest textile industries in the world. Today, Indian economy is largely dependent on textile manufacturing and exports. India earns around 27% of the foreign exchange from exports of textiles. Further, India Textile Industry contributes about 14% of the total industrial production of India. Furthermore, its contribution to the gross domestic product of India is around 3% only. Textile Industry involves around 35 million workers directly and it accounts for 21% of the total employment generated in the economy. However the important reasons for the M&As in these sectors are: growth of power looms and handlooms sector at the cost of mill sector which has ultimately resulted in making them sick and unviable. This has led to an increase in the closure of mills; in addition, continued and persistent use of old plant and machinery has led to low profitability in the mill sector and thereby forcing some of mills to closedowns. Chemicals, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals: Under this category companies operating in the industrial groups of chemicals, drugs, pharmaceutical, cosmetics petrochemicals and rubbers have been taken into account for analyzing the trend and progress. The drug & pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the country’s demand for bulk drugs, drug intermediates, pharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles. There are about 250 large Pharmaceuticals manufacturers and suppliers and about 8000 Small Scale Pharmaceutical & Drug Units which form the core of the pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 Central Public Sector Units). These bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals manufacturers produce the complete range of pharmaceutical formulations i.e. medicines ready for consumption by patients and about 350 bulk drugs i.e. chemicals having therapeutic value and used for production of pharmaceutical formulations. Owing to a significant increase in Pharmaceuticals exports, India’s USD 3.1 billion pharmaceutical industries are growing at the rate of 14 percent per year. It is one of the largest and most advanced among the developing countries. Even the number of pharmaceuticals exporters, manufacturers and suppliers is increasing tremendously, the factors that contributed to increase in M&A activity in these sectors are: Introduction of the process Patent Act in 1970, which required Indian companies to recognize international process patents. This has given an opportunity for the Indian companies to grow. This growth is associated with M&As and the emergence of WTO has brought about fundamental changes in the pharmaceutical industry. Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) of WTO require all Indian companies to comply with international patents. This has mainly happened in the form of M&As. Non–metallic Mineral Products: In this sector, cement and ceramics manufacturers are the primary players. The factors responsible for M&As are: before 1999 cement industry faced many problems like liquidity crisis, inadequate expenditure on infrastructure and costs of inputs. South-east Asian crisis brought narrowed profitability resulting to the bigger players withstanding the pressure of lower profitability and smaller and marginal players closing down or merging with big players and trying to appear favorable for a takeover. National Quadrilateral Road Project and State Government Policies to construct the irrigation projects could be other factors responsible for this boom. Basic Metal, Alloy and Steel: This is one of the oldest and traditional industry sectors in India. Companies operating in metals, alloy, steel and related concerns are grouped under this head. The factors contributing to M&As in this sector are: Slowdown of the economy during the year 1996-97, the capital markets, remaining depressed for the past couple of years, drying up sources of investment funds for industry, small and medium corporate finding it difficult to access institutional funds and export growth subjected to competitive pressure from imports. Information Technology and Telecom: Companies operating in the IT, Software, telecom and convergence sector are clubbed in industry, the central government has formed an independent department of information technology. Since the removal of restrictions on foreign capital investment and industrial de-licensing, India’s Telecom industry has shown large growth The Important factors for increasing M&As in this sector are: Consistent efforts were made by the department of telecom and its constituent organizations for upgrading and expanding the telecom networks and services and the Initiation of internet and web based developments and introduction of cell phone in India;. Automobiles and Automobile Ancillaries: Companies operating in automobile sector, locomotives, transport and spares have been included under this head. The Indian transport industry has been gradually playing a catalytic role for producing a wide variety of vehicles, passenger cars. Important factors responsible for an increase in M&As in this sector are: Globilalization is pushing global auto majors to consolidate, to upgrade technology, enlarge product range, access new markets and to cut costs. Competitive pressure and presence of global players have resulted in a number of M&As in this sector. Energy, Power, Gas and Oil: Companies operating in the field of energy, power, gas and oil are included in this group. Important factors responsible for an increase in M&As in this sector are, low rate of growth in power generation depressed the growth rate of industrial production and has necessitated immediate attention of big companies like Reliance Industries and due to unavailability of power and frequent disruptions have given an impetus to M&As in this sector..

Free Essays on The Stone Angel

The Stone Angel As I began reading The Stone Angel I didn’t think I would be able to enjoy the novel just because it is not really the type of book I would read. But I have found something fascinating about the life of Hagar Shipley, about a ninety year old woman who is looking back over her life near the end of it. Hagar seems very set in her ways and is not about to change her mind when her son Marvin and his wife Doris attempt to put her in a nursing home, she refuses to go and runs away. She is angered that they want her to leave her house and her things just so they can sell them, or so she believes. Doris and Marvin tell her about things she does that she just cannot remember doing so she thinks that they think she is senile, which is funny because she cannot remember the little things but she can relive her past through her memory and tell how her life was. The book takes you from present to past in a second and is well written to do so, it does not confuse you or really leave you lost in the middle of something because it picks right up in the present where you left off. You start to wonder if all older women think like Hagar and worry about the same things and have the same attitudes. Although Hagar does not seem like a very pleasant woman to live although as the reader you can see where she is coming from whereas the people who actually live with her probably cannot see her point of view. A lot of things like the choices Hagar made while she was young do not really make sense but you know she did them for her own reasons, like marrying Bram Shipley, for the life of me I cannot understand how she could marry that man but she did and it cost her the price of her Father. Since Hagar married Bram she never spoke to her Father and he never saw her again or his two grandsons, which was a shame. Hagar always thought her Father would have adored John, her second born. This book will take you on a journey through the life... Free Essays on The Stone Angel Free Essays on The Stone Angel The Stone Angel As I began reading The Stone Angel I didn’t think I would be able to enjoy the novel just because it is not really the type of book I would read. But I have found something fascinating about the life of Hagar Shipley, about a ninety year old woman who is looking back over her life near the end of it. Hagar seems very set in her ways and is not about to change her mind when her son Marvin and his wife Doris attempt to put her in a nursing home, she refuses to go and runs away. She is angered that they want her to leave her house and her things just so they can sell them, or so she believes. Doris and Marvin tell her about things she does that she just cannot remember doing so she thinks that they think she is senile, which is funny because she cannot remember the little things but she can relive her past through her memory and tell how her life was. The book takes you from present to past in a second and is well written to do so, it does not confuse you or really leave you lost in the middle of something because it picks right up in the present where you left off. You start to wonder if all older women think like Hagar and worry about the same things and have the same attitudes. Although Hagar does not seem like a very pleasant woman to live although as the reader you can see where she is coming from whereas the people who actually live with her probably cannot see her point of view. A lot of things like the choices Hagar made while she was young do not really make sense but you know she did them for her own reasons, like marrying Bram Shipley, for the life of me I cannot understand how she could marry that man but she did and it cost her the price of her Father. Since Hagar married Bram she never spoke to her Father and he never saw her again or his two grandsons, which was a shame. Hagar always thought her Father would have adored John, her second born. This book will take you on a journey through the life...

How exercise can boost your performance at work

How exercise can boost your performance at work We’re all familiar with the obvious benefits of exercise- regular physical activity can keep us looking and feeling fit and healthy, increase our energy levels and confidence, and help us maintain high levels of self-esteem. Staying active can also help us fight off a wealth of potentially life-threatening illnesses, including strokes, diabetes, and heart disease. What’s more, conquering the often overwhelming â€Å"exercise obstacle† and overcoming excuses, apathy, and laziness can remind us that we’re capable of bravely facing any challenge that life throws our way. In contrast, avoiding exercise and all forms of physical activity like the plague can have the reverse effect. Embracing laziness and inactivity can leave us feeling unhealthy and unfit, send our confidence and energy levels plummeting to the basement, and eat away at our self-esteem. Letting the â€Å"exercise obstacle† win the day will surely not inspire and motivate you to set and g o after major life goals.It may seem clear by now that exercising on a regular basis is in your best interest. However, if you’re still not sold, perhaps this will help seal the deal- not only does exercise help fuel and maintain a healthy body, it can actually improve your ability to think and retain information. It’s true- your mind and body are interconnected in amazing ways, and nurturing one will benefit the other.According to a recent article in The New York Times, â€Å"many scientists suspect that exercise alters the biology of the brain in ways that make it more malleable and receptive to new information, a process that scientists refer to as plasticity,† and that â€Å"†¦many past studies have shown that exercise prompts the release of multiple neurochemicals in the brain that increase the number of new brain cells and the connections between neurons†¦these effects improve the brain’s plasticity and augment the ability to learn.†What exercise doesAlthough research regarding how exercise and brainpower work together is continual and ongoing, recent studies have shown the following exciting cognitive benefits.Boosts brainpower: If you’re looking to take your brain’s ability to the next level, you can’t do much better than regular exercise. Studies have shown that exercise can actually increase the volume of key areas in your brain- how’s that for a real boost?Enhances thinking ability: Regular workouts will help kick away the dreaded â€Å"brain fog† that keeps you from thinking clearly and keep your mind and thoughts razor sharp all day long.Helps you process and remember new information more effectively: If you’re trying to acquire a new skill or task, like learning a new language or tackling a new job responsibility, combining it with regular exercise can be an unbeatable combo. New research suggests that physical activity can increase the size of the medial tempo ral and prefrontal cortex of your brain, key areas that regulate and control thinking and memory- so you’ll be able to master that new skill faster than ever before.Improves ability on cognitive tasks: Do you have an important test for work or school coming up? Or maybe you just want to perform better on puzzles and board games? Whatever your mental goals are, you better believe that exercise will help you succeed on all sorts of cognitive tasks that test your intelligence and brainpower.Keeps away the negatives: Yes, it’s true- regular exercise will help keep your mood positive and upbeat, help you achieve more restful sleep at night, and help reduce anxiety and stress- all things that can help your brain work at its absolute best.When, what, and how much?So†¦now that you know it does work, let’s explore how you can make it work for you.  This includes the when, what, and how much regarding exercise and brainpower.Although there’s some debate rega rding the type of exercise that best serves to promote brain function, according to a recent article by Harvard Medical School, â€Å"researchers found that regular aerobic exercise, the kind that gets your heart and your sweat glands pumping, appears to boost the size of the hippocampus, the brain area involved in verbal memory and learning. Resistance training, balance and muscle toning exercises did not have the same results.†Research also suggests that although you’ll receive a brain benefit regardless of when you decide to exercise, the most promising results typically occur when you do your workout before or even during a cognitive task. This suggests that we all might learn best while we’re being active, and it may have interesting consequences on how our institutions of learning are set up. Perhaps classes on treadmills or exercise bikes aren’t too far off in the future?Another big question you might be wondering about is how much exercise you sho uld do in order to receive a cognitive benefit. The same Harvard Medical School report suggests that â€Å"standard recommendations advise half an hour of moderate physical activity most days of the week, or 150 minutes a week.†So how can you incorporate exercise into your life? If you’re worried that you’re simply too busy to exercise or find the very idea of exercise daunting, a great way to take a step forward towards a regular active lifestyle is to start small. Try taking a brief yet brisk walk for 10–15 minutes each day, and gradually increase your workout in both length and intensity as time passes.Listen to your body, it will tell you when you’re ready to take on more and bigger physical challenges. Remember, every journey- no matter how long or arduous- starts with a single step, and the best way to go nowhere is to stand still and do nothing.Now that you know all about the many benefits, both physical and mental, that exercise will bring to your life, put the excuses aside and get up and get moving towards your successful future!

Green Building and Sustainable construction Essay

Green Building and Sustainable construction - Essay Example Some of the methods used to address the environmental sustainability of a structure involve recycle and reuse of materials, ensuring the building uses renewable energy source or employs energy and water saving methods. Besides the accessibility of the building, can make be used to gauge whether the building is environmental friendly? Buildings, which are far away from transport network, can be considered less environmental friendly. Sustainable construction involves use of environmental friendly materials for construction. Use of wood from trees, which have been certified by the United States Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one way of promoting sustainable construction. FSC ensures the trees which are used for construction purpose are replaced and the existing biodiversity is not affected by cutting down of a particular tree. Sustainable construction also involves the use of renewable materials which can be recycled or reused. While promoting sustainable construction additional materials, which may not be renewable in nature, are used. The purpose of using such materials is to improve the overall performance of the building. A good example is use of plastic to insulate buildings; here plastic is used because of its availability and energy saving nature. Use of locally available materials is an economical way of saving on cost and reducing pollution of the environment. Transporting materials from another place would require use of means e.g. trains; heavy trucks which would definitely pollute the environment. When a building use available energy effectively, it is economically and environmentally sustainable. Measures to ensure such state is achieved included use of insulate which prevents loss of heat, use of glass windows on most part of the building to promote natural light penetration thus save on lighting and heating. Ensuring the lighting and appliances within the building are